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Wednesday, October 20, 2010

Mukkulathor


The Thevar people (Thevar literally means "celestial beings divine natured-people in Sanskrit")[1] collectively forms the Mukkulathor(meaning: people of the three clans).[2] native to the Southern districts of Tamil Nadu[1][3][4][5] The name "Mukkulathor" alludes to the three roughly designated groups, AgamudaiyarKallarMaravar and which make up this large endogamous social group. Kallar and Maravar were inhabitants of Palai region during the Sangam period The literature during sangam period divided the regions based upon the climate and topography. Palai was mainly a desert like region with little to no rain.
Nowadays, Mukkulathors are found all over the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. There is also a small community in Chattisgarh where they had migrated during British rule. The Royal houses of SivagangaiRamnad and Pudukkottai belongs to the Mukkulathor community.

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[edit]Agamudayar

Agamudayar(Tamil: அகமுடையார்)
The word Agamudaiyan or Ahamudaiyan is derived from the root Aham which in Tamil means Land and also House.Signifying that Agamudaiyars are Landlords and Householder; the suffix Udaiyar indicating ownership. The word is also used in another form, Ahampadiyar, derived from another meaning of the same root, i.e., inside. And, in this derivation, it signifies a meaning of a particular profession, whose office it was to attend to the business in the Interior's of the King's Palace or in the Pagoda". The name," Mr. J. H. Nelson writes, "is said by the Rev. G. U. Pope, in his edition of the Abbe Dubois' work to be derived from aham, a temple, and padi, a step, and to have been given to them in consequence of their serving about the steps of temples. But, independently of the fact that Madura pagodas are not approached by flights of steps, this seems to be a very far-fetched and improbable derivation of the word. Or, perhaps, the name comes from aham in the sense of earth, and pati, master or possessor."
In Tamilnadu south districts, Agamudayars are famously known by their title Servaikaaran(servai)in Pandiya nadu. They make expert soldiers,warriors and constituted the bulk of chola & Pandya armies. Agamudayars are famously known by their title Servai - "A community show many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation".In South districts the legendary Marudhu Brothers' came from the Agamudayar (Servai) community. when 29 April 1789, the British forces attacked Kollangudi. It was defeated by a large body of Marudhu.'It is said that the Marudhu brothers could kill a tiger without using any weapons'. The lands the community owns are actually rewarded for their loyal and valuable service rendered for the cause of the Kings and the nation.
The Agamudayars are largely found in the Southern and Central districts of Pudukkottai, Trichy, Sivagangai, Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur,Thiruvarur (In Taluks of Mannargudi, Vedharanyam and Mayiladuthurai the large group of Agamudayars are found ), Nagapattinam, Madurai, Coimbatore and North and South Arcot districts & Also in Karnataka state Hiriyur Taluk, Aranakatte & Maskal matti where Agamudayars are living in large groups.
The Agamudayars Sub-sects & Titles:
  • Kottai Patru (or Pathinettu Kottai Patru),
  • Servaikkaran,
  • Raajakulam,
  • Irumbuththalai,
  • Malainaadu,
  • Aivali Nattan,
  • Naattumangalam,
  • Raajaboja,
  • Raajavaasal,
  • Kalian,
  • Sani,
  • Thuluva Vellala or vellalar,
  • Agamudaya Mudhaliyaar,
  • Agamudaya Pillai,}(Kottai patru)
  • Agamudaya Thevar.}(Kottai patru)
  • Agamudaiyans are also called Terkittiyar ("Southerners").

[edit]Kallar

Kallar (Tamil: கள்ளர்) Kallars are one of the three related castes which constitute the Mukkulathor confederacy. They are described as "A fearless community shows many signs of independence and non-submission to any form of subjugation".
Kallars are largely found in the Southern districts of ThanjavurMaduraiPudukkottaiTrichyTheniDindigulSivagangaThiruvarurNagapattinam and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu and Northern Srilanka.
In Tamilnadu Kallars are called by various Surnames, these names comes to them during various times by the place they have ruled, the place of the battlefield and to state their strong valour and bravery in the battle with the foreign forces.
There are over 2,000 surnames in use among the community.[6]. There is no other caste in the whole of South India which has this many surnames.
During Chola rule there were many small Kallar kings(Araiyar) ruling there respective areas under the Chola. Some of the names are seen in Tamil copper-plate inscriptions are also mentioned in Ponniyin Selvan (a Tamil historical novel written by Kalki Krishnamurthy).
Historical evidences indicate clearly that the Chola, Pandya and Later Pallava dynasties came from the Kallar community.
  • Cholagar *
  • Malusuthiyar.
  • Kandiyar
  • Muniaraiyar
  • Puvaraiyar
  • Velar(வேளார்)
  • Vanataraiyar
Another important Kallar subcaste is the Piramalai Kallar. They are a highly traditional people and have preserved their ancient customs to the present day. They are also believed to be the oldest inhabitants of the Tamil country with reports of their presence going back to Tamil literary works of the 4th century B.C. Recent study by BBC confirmed that they migrated to India from Africa around 70000 BC and share the same M130 genepool as the aboriginals of Australia.They are found mainly in the districts of Madurai(Usilampatti), Dindigul and Theni. Their popular deity is Amman, the Mother Goddess. They have contributed enormously in the freedom struggle for India. Perungaamanallur people near Usilampatti, fought against the British and many have died and they have a Thiyagigal Thoon . Piramalai Kallars have also made big contribution in Nethaji's INA force when Subash chandra bose made a call for the INA force from the submarine radio lots of people from the community went and joint to fight against the British for India. They are kept alive of our ancient culture.
Some of the other feudal classes include Ambunattu kallar(Royal community,rulers of the pudukkotai presidency),Koothappar Kallars, Periyasuriyur Kallars, Gandarvakoatai Kallars and Esanattu Kallars found largely dominated in the Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, Sivagangai & Trichy Districts.

[edit]Maravar

See also main article Maravar
Maravar (Tamilமறவர்) also "Maravan" (meaning "Grateful Warrior") are one of the oldest social groups. The writers of the Sangam Age place them in rural settlements withdrawn from cities. Maravars are the courageous breed and were involved in the major wars that Tamilnadu witnessed. Kottravai(Durga), the goddess of Maravars worshipped in palai region prescribed in Silapathikaram.The Kingdom of Ramnad was a Maravar kingdom and was ruled by the Setupati kings[7]. Ramanathapuram and Sivagangai districts are Maravar strongholds from ancient times.
Maravars are courageous breed and were involved in almost all the major battles and wars that ancient Tamilnadu witnessed. Maravars are found predominantly in the Southern districts of Tamilnadu viz., MaduraiTheniSivagangaiRamanathapuramDindigul districts of Tamil Nadu. Both these tribes seems to have common origin,Tamil nagas. The Southern martial arts of Kalarippayattu, Silambam, Varma Kalai have been practiced primarily by Maravars NairsKallars,Parathavars and Villavars of erstwhile Travancore areas.
Large number of Maravars served in the armies of many princely states of Kerala. But during the 18th and 19th centuries, most of them were assimilated in to the Tamil Padam Nairsubcaste of the Nair community. The Maravar regiment of the Travancore army was known as "Maravar Padai", which supplemented Nair Pattalam, the larger indigenous military unit.[8]Tamil Padam Nair is recognized as a part of the Malayala Kshatriya social grouping.
There are 7 major subdivisions among the Maravar community. There are Appa Nattu Kondyankottai,Chembiya Nattu Maravar,Agathu Maravar,Uppu katti Maravar,Kurinchi katti Maravar,Vanikutti Maravar,Oru nattu Maravar. The Kondyan Kottai Maravars are still maintaining Killai(branches) as their sub sects. The Killai is inherited from mother. So a boy or girl will not marry in their same Killai. It is assumed that they are brother & sister. Such a practice is no longer prevailing amongst other maravars. The married women of kondyankottai maravers wear "Thali" (Thirumangalyam) in the shape of Shiva lingam. So it is called "Linga Thali". Most of the Tamil castes wear the same type of "Linga Thali".
The Chembiya Nattu Maravars are Surya vamsam. They are historically from Thanjavur. Kondayan kottai maravars women were having habits of maruthalli. But Chembiya Nattu Maravars women were having habit of Udankattai yeruthal. And 6 martial suicides are Practising by Maravar community and its called avipillai. The Fame of maravars are written in Nattrinai,kurunthogai,Agananooru,Puranaanooru,Kalithogai and many pathu pattu collection. Among maravars Chembiya marvar belong to chola dynasty,Tamil padam marvar belong to chera later become thiruvithangur. But most of maravars belong to pandyan dynasty the major soldiers of pandiyan are only marvars at the end of 15th centuary Kondayan kottai marvars involve in the partition of pandyan kingdom and took over the major zamins from pandyas mentioned in "Kula vamsam".
The sure name of Maravars are
All the maravar has a common tittle called Thevar.
  • Maravan
  • Valangai maran
  • Vilangu Thevan
  • Vetchi
  • Karanthai
  • Thevan
  • Puli maran
  • Gora maran
  • Madurai Thevan
  • Thumbai
  • Komban
  • Vallai Thevan
  • Neela maran
  • Pattankatti
  • Thalumban
  • Purayar
  • Kottravaien Sayon
  • Alakiya Pandiyan
  • Maran
  • Veyyon
  • Ninkondan

[edit]Freedom Fighters

British colonisation of India was strongly resisted in the South especially in Mukkulathor country.
Puli Thevar from the eighteenth century is remembered as the first Indian king to have fought and defeated the British in India. His exploits have since become legendary.
Resistance to British rule was also offered by Padal Vellaiya Tevan who fought the British along with Kattabomman. His son Desakaval Senbaga Tevan is also remembered for his exploits.

[edit]Religion

Thevars are traditionally Hindus of Saiva Siddhanta maargam. However, some of them follow Christianity under the influence of missionaries.

[edit]Inscriptions

An inscription, from 1655, records an accord between the Sathanathar, a Chetti merchant community, and the Nattar to contribute fifty Kalanju of gold to the Elunattu Mutt atChidambaram.[9]

[edit]Current Status

Although a great many of the members are still agriculturalists, many have also progressed up the social ladder as doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs, politicians and civil servants. Especially in entertainment field this community is still has the dominating position. This community people are spread allover in the media world like cinema, television etc. They are well placed in politics as well.

The New Lamborghini Murcielago LP640

The New Lamborghini Murcielago LP640


The new Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 features considerable innovations in terms of body design and mechanics. And also with a new name: Murcielago LP640, which refers to its engine position - longitudinale posteriore - and to its power 640 bhp. Designers and engineers have not only focused on reworking the engine, suspensions, gearbox, exhaust system, brakes and electronics, but also the interior and exterior design; improvements that make the Murcielago LP 640 the most extreme and fastest sports car in its class, placing it at the very top.

The first vehicles will be available in spring 2006. Since the original Murcielago's debut at the 2001 International Car Show (IAA) in Frankfurt, around 2,000 vehicles have left the car plant in Sant' Agata Bolognese.

Unmistakable Lamborghini Design

In their reinterpretation of the Lamborghini Murcielago LP640, the designers at the Lamborghini Style Centre have remained true to the traditional Lamborghini principles of purism, sport and function. The Murcielago LP640 now appears even more aggressive, with the new front and rear bumpers contributing significantly to its appearance. The exhaust system terminal has been incorporated in the diffuser on the rear bumper. Other innovations include the rear lights, which enhance the distinguishing features of the Murcielago LP640, making it unmistakable even at night. The design of the sides is also worth mentioning: while the area behind the air intake on the right side is practically closed, the left side features a vast aperture for cooling the oil radiator. Together with the aerodynamically defined front and rear, this proves yet again that the shape of a Lamborghini is dictated by function.

More Powerful Engine

The engine of the new Murcielago LP640 has undergone outstanding and radical modification. The increased bore and longer stroke have boosted the displacement of the classic 60° V-engine from 6.2 liters to 6.5 liters. Thus the already extraordinary 580 bhp engine power has now been elevated to an impressive peak of 640 bhp at 8,000 rpm. The 12-cylinder engine reaches a maximum torque of 487 lb-ft at 6,000 rpm.

The new Murcielago LP640 features a modified sixratio gearbox as well as a tougher rear differential and new axle shafts. On request, the e-gear automatic gearbox is also available equipped with the new dedicated "Thrust" (acceleration program) mode.

Frame and Chassis: Perfect Harmony

The body of the Murcielago LP640 with its characteristic scissor doors is created from the prized union of sheet steel and honeycombed carbon fiber, glued and riveted together.

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Optional CeramicCarbon Brakes

The dual hydraulic circuit brake system equipped with a vacuum brake booster ensures considerable deceleration values. The self-ventilating front and rear brake disks measure 380 mm x 34 mm and 355 mm x 32 mm respectively. The control circuit of the four-channel anti-blocking system (ABS) with electronic brake control (DRP) and traction control (TCS) features a new characteristic curve. The system consists in an electro-hydraulic control unit and four speed sensors.

When particularly high braking performance is required, it is possible to equip the vehicle with 380 mm x 36 mm ceramic carbon brakes featuring six-piston brake calipers.

Even More Exclusive Interior

The seats in the cockpit have undergone the most radical changes; more spacious and equipped with redesigned head restraints, the seats now ensure better comfort. The leather upholstery features lozenge-shaped stitching called "Q-citura". The same design is recaptured on the upholstery on the door panels, the panel between the seats and the engine compartment, and on the roof panel.

A new instrument panel has been developed with lights featuring a new graphic design, flanked by a new Kenwood car radio with a 6.5" widescreen monitor and DVD, MP3 and WMA player. An optional navigation system is also available (standard in Japan
2007 Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 Specifications
Chassis
Brakes F/R:
ABS, vented disc/vented disc
Tires F-R:
245/35 ZR18 - 335/30 ZR18
Driveline:
All Wheel Drive
Engine
Type:
V12
Displacement cu in (cc):
396 (6496)
Power bhp (kW) at RPM:
640(471) / 8000
Torque lb-ft (Nm) at RPM:
487(660) / 6000
Redline at RPM:
8500
Exterior
Length × Width × Height in:
n.a.
Weight lb (kg):
3670 (1665)
Performance
Acceleration 0-60 mph s:
3.3
Top Speed mph (km/h):
211 (340)
Fuel Economy EPA city/highway mpg (l/100 km):
n.a.
Base Price: 2007 Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 - £190,000 (last update:

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3. Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo: 248 mph, 0-60 in 3.2 secs. Twin Turbo All Aluminum V8 Engine with 750 hp, base price is $555,000. Smooth and bad-ass, will make you want to show it off non-stop.



4. Koenigsegg CCX: 245 mph, 0-60 in 3.2 secs. 90 Degree V8 Engine 806 hp, base price is $545,568. Made in Sweden, it is aiming hard to be the fastest car in the world, but it has a long way to go to surpass the Bugatti and the Ultimate Aero.

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8. Pagani Zonda F: 215 mph, 0-60 in 3.5 secs. Mercedes Benz M180 V12 Engine with 650 hp, base price is $667,321. With a V12 motor, this baby can do much better.

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10. Porsche Carrera GT: 205 mph, 0-60 in 3.9 secs. Aluminum, 68 Degree, Water Cooled V10 Engine with 612 hp, base price is $440,000. The most powerful and most expensive Porsche  nearly made the list as #10.